Prior to the corporate~political coup that led to the illegal annexation of Hawaiʻi into the "United" "States", the entire island of Kahoʻolawe was a penal colony for decades. Even prior to the introduction of ungulates in the 1700s, it had very little freshwater sources and thus a very low permanent population, and was then further denuded and depopulated by private ranching until and through the territory period. At the start of the US's involvement in WWII, the US Army acquired bombing rights to the island for 1$ (even with inflation, this is only ~20$...) during a time of martial law. This bombing continued for decades, and in 1965, "Operation Sailor Hat" was done [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Sailor_Hat_Shot.jpg] which had a comical minecraft-looking pile of explosives, and apparently was so destructive that it cracked the island's core and has left the island unable to adequately hold what little groundwater it stored previously. The entire island was off limits, despite the cultural significance of the island to Native Hawaiians (Kānaka ʻŌiwi). After work by PKO (Protect Kahoʻolawe ʻOhana), including guerilla landings on the island which led to the deaths of Native Hawaiian activists, Kahoʻolawe was changed into an Archeological District in 1981, then Father Bush Senior ended live-fire training in 1991 [despite opposition from the Navy and Army who said continuing to bomb a red, devastated, dust-covered rock in the middle of the Pacific was somehow vital for the survival of the US]. There's been a lot of work to clean up the island, but even now there's a significant amount of unexploded ordinance. Although restoration efforts have been steady and promising over the past two decades, funding the recovery of this island is going to be greatly hampered by the rise of oligarch~totalitarianism in a large building ~4800 miles away from here. Even before this horrific future became the present, the US Navy had decided in 2024 that they should essentially triple the amount of bombing done on another smaller island, Kaʻula Islet, which is also in its entirety a seabird sanctuary! Great.
A (kind of?) positive note is that the transfer of Kahoʻolawe's land from the Army to Hawaiʻi was just in time; right before the transfer, Hawaiʻi sent all sorts of scientists to survey the state of the island. In 1992, two botanists found a single population of a strange shrub on the southern cliff edge of the island, where only two living plants were surrounded by many others now dead. It turns out these plants represented a completely undescribed species and genus in Fabaceae (pea family) now named Kanaloa kahoolawensis! This entire genus and species of plant, entirely endemic to the Hawaiian Islands, would have evaporated, unknown to history, probably within a decade if this transfer had not happened when it did. Super interesting (to me at least) is that pollen very similar to that of K. kahoolawensis has been found in fossilized core samples from other islands where the plant had not existed since at least the time of European contact, and almost certainly for hundreds of years prior to that with the clearing/destruction of the majority of lowland/coastal forest by early settling Hawaiians. That means a whole genus, potentially each the same or different species for each island, was widespread throughout the islands, and only because of the hard work of people who care for the land did we learn of its existence! More can be read on this site: [https://ntbg.org/stories/a-partnership-in-pursuit-of-revival/]